





          
          




SiteView1.0
Environmental Visualization Software





User Guide














          ConSolve Incorporated
          Lexington, Massachusetts
          
          
          
          

The information contained in this documentation is
confidential and proprietary information of ConSolve
Incorporated.  Any reproduction of its contents, whether
in whole or in part, without the prior written consent
of ConSolve Incorporated is prohibited.



Copyrightc 1994 ConSolve Incorporated.
All rights reserved.






How To Use This Manual




          
          This manual has the following chapters:
          
          Chapter 1, OIntroduction,O provides an overview of
          SiteView functionality and of this manual.
          
          Chapter 2, OGetting Started,O introduces the major
          SiteView components.
          
          Chapter 3, OObjects, and Attributes,O introduces
          the concepts of SiteViewOs classes, objects, and
          data types.
          
          Chapter 4, OCreating, Importing, and Viewing
          Objects,O describes how to create and list objects
          in a SiteView site.
          
          Chapter 5, OSelecting Objects,O describes how to
          select objects graphically, perform selections
          (queries) with the Select window, Selection History
          window, and Registers.
          
          Chapter 6, OPotatoes in space (iso-shells),O
          describes how to create, combine, modify, edit, and
          change the appearance of iso-shells in three-
          dimensional space.
          
          Chapter 7, OSurfaces,O describes how SiteView
          creates 2-1/2 dimensional surfaces from your data.
          
          Chapter 8, OStratigraphy,O describes how to import,
          model, and visualize stratigraphic information in
          cuts, fence diagrams, and as solids.
          
          Chapter 9, OPrinting,O describes how to print
          views,  the various printing options, and how to
          save views to file for transfer to other
          applications such as word processing.
          
          Chapter 10, "SiteView Classes and Attributes,"
          lists SiteView's default object classes and their
          attributes.




Table of Contents




          How To Use This Manual                         iii
          Table of Contents                               iv
          Introduction                                     1
            What is SiteView?                             1
            What is a VirtualSite?                        1
          Getting Started                                  4
            Installing SiteView                           4
            Installing SiteView                           4
            The Keyboard and Mouse                        6
            Mudville Airport                              7
            3D Views                                     10
          Objects and Attributes                          16
            Objects and Classes                          16
            Attributes and Attribute Values              17
            Data Types and Units                         17
            Sources, samples, and measurements           18
            Coordinate Systems                           19
          Creating, Importing, and Viewing Objects        21
            Creating objects                             21
            Creating objects with palette tools          21
            Creating Derived Objects                     22
            Deleting Objects                             23
            Moving Objects                               23
            Importing from a spreadsheet                 24
            Importing from a DXF File                    28
          Selecting Objects                               29
            Select objects                               30
            Selection History_                           32
            Store/recall selection                       35
          Potatoes in space (iso-shells)                  36
            Iso-shell Modeling                           37
            Creating iso-shells                          40
            Iso-shell properties                         41
          Surfaces                                        46
            Surface Modeling                             46
            Surface display properties                   47
          Stratigraphy                                    53
            Stratigraphic Modeling                       53
            Importing and viewing stratigraphic information5
            3
            Stratigraphic Modeling                       54
            Fence diagrams in 3D views                   54
            Selection properties                         55
          Printing                                        57
            Printing to a Windows supported printer      57
            Printing to file                             57
          SiteView Classes and Attributes                 59
            Annotation                                   59
            Boring                                       59
            DXF layer                                    60
            Monitoring Well                              60
            Sample                                       60
            Measurement                                  60
            Stratigraphy Sample                          61
            Value Point                                  62
            Water Level                                  62
          Index                                           63
          





Chapter 1
Introduction




          
          This chapter introduces you to
          
            SiteView data visualization, and
            VirtualSite data manipulation.

What is SiteView?
          
          SiteView is a computer software tool that helps
          engineers, scientists, and managers visualize
          environmental information.   It combines
          VirtualSite object-oriented data manipulation with
          features that allow you to integrate, analyze, and
          view environmental data.  SiteView helps you
          visualize and communicate soil, groundwater, air
          quality, water body, and other natural conditions
          at real-world sites.

What is a VirtualSite?
          
          When you assess a site whether to rank its hazard
          potential, to ascertain the feasibility of
          alternative remediation measures, or to map the
          distributions of air pollutants, you build a
          conceptual model of the site in your mind.  This
          conceptual model describes the site and reflects
          any hypotheses regarding natural or man-made
          conditions in a geographic and geometric rendering.
          
          As you continue collecting different data, the
          conceptual model changes to reflect these incoming
          data.  At times, the model can become unwieldy due
          to the sheer volume of data required for an
          accurate site assessment.  Often, this mental
          picture blurs because it must be revised so
          frequently.
          
          The VirtualSite data model computerizes the
          conceptual model of an environmental site in a
          compelling three-dimensional picture or
          Ovisualization.O  The result of this
          computerization is a spatial model which contains
          all the data from the site.
          
          Part of the power of the VirtualSite data model
          lies in the fact that SiteView treats data as
          objects.  Objects have values for location,
          contaminant or pollution data, stratigraphy, and
          any other information that characterizes the site.
          
          Most objects are represented by symbols that you
          can handle directly.  For example, you can display
          a stratigraphic profile based on a series of
          borings simply by selecting the symbols for borings
          with the mouse in any view then choosing a command
          to create a Section Line.
          
          With SiteView, you can
          
            integrate data which have been recorded in
            different formats,
            visualize the site in a variety of ways,
            manipulate and analyze the site data, and
            prepare presentations about the site.

Data Integration
          
          Environmental site assessments require data that
          are recorded in a variety of formats.  Just a few
          of the data you collect are survey data, geologic
          borings, historical affidavits, and soil, air, and
          surface samples.  The data come in every form from
          handwritten boring logs and photographs to
          spreadsheet files and electronically transmitted
          lab data.  The consolidation of these data is a
          large task.
          
          SiteView helps you integrate data from these
          different sources.  You can take data in
          spreadsheet or AutoCAD drawing interchange file
          format (DXF) and populate a VirtualSite.  As more
          data are collected, you simply repeat the import
          process and the VirtualSite is revised, reflecting
          the new data that have been merged.
          
          With SiteView, you can combine data collected at
          different times and from disparate sources to form
          a single, consistent picture of the site.  This
          model is refined as you visualize and analyze the
          VirtualSite data.

Site Visualization
          
          Although SiteView provides a central, consistent
          representation of  site data, you can view these
          data in a variety of ways.  SiteView views are
          dynamic snapshots of data.
          
          When you first use the system, you can create a
          terrain contour map on which field samples are
          represented by symbols.  You can delve into the
          details of a site by displaying data objectsO
          attribute values, or you can build a better
          conceptual picture of the site by displaying
          different views such as analyte contours and color
          maps, 3D solid models, and stratigraphic profiles.
          
          After youOve displayed a view, you can adjust it to
          suit your needs.  For example, you can specify the
          grid size on which plumes are interpolated and the
          interval between 3D contours showing thresholds of
          pollution concentration.

Presentation
          
          An important part of your job is showing the
          results of your site assessment to colleagues,
          clients, and the public.  All of the graphics in
          SiteView can be printed.  In minutes, you can
          produce maps, profiles, and 3D views suitable for
          presentation..  You can also save all these views
          to file and use them as inserts for reports or
          slide shows.



Chapter 2
Getting Started




          
          This chapter introduces the ways you can use
          SiteView's environmental visualization capabilities
          to explore your 3D spatial data.  In this chapter
          we describe:
          
            How to install SiteView,
            The Mudville Airport data shipped with your copy
            of SiteView,
            How to view and move around a 3D site
            visualization,
            How to select and change the display of objects
            at the site, and
            How to work with multiple views of your data.

Installing SiteView
          This section describes how to install SiteView on
          your computer, and the minimum hardware and
          software requirements you need to use SiteView.

Installing SiteView
          
          To install SiteView, first check to see that the
          hardware and operating system configuration on the
          PC on which you want to install SiteView is
          adequate to support the SiteView application.

Minimum PC configuration
          
          Your PC should have at least the following hardware
          and operating system configuration,
          
          Hardware: 486 or Pentium PC running at 33MHz or
          faster
                    5MB of free space on your hard disk for
          SiteView
                    20MB of swap space on your hard disk
                    VGA monitor
          
          Software: Microsoft Windows 3.1 or higher
                    Win 32S enhancement to Windows (provided
          with                     SiteView)
          
          Installation procedure SiteView is delivered on
          five 3-1/4 inch diskettes.  Two of these diskettes
          contain the SiteView application and sample files.
          Two contain the Win 32S enhancement for Microsoft
          Windows 3.1 which is required to run SiteView's
          graphics.  The final diskette contains an
          electronic version of the SiteView User's Guide in
          Microsoft Word for Windows format.
          
          Before installing SiteView, first install Win 32 S
          by following the instructions on the diskettes.
          Next, install SiteView.
          
          
          Intallation of Microsoft Win32S 1.15.111.0
          
          1. Start Microsoft Windows
          
          2. Insert Disk 1 of Microsoft Win32S
          
          3. From Program Manager, select File menu, and
          choose Run
          
          4. Type a:\setup and press Enter
          
          5. Follow Directions
          
          Intallation of SiteView 1.0
          
          1. Return to DOS prompt c:\
          2. Type mkdir siteview and press Enter
          3. Type cd\siteview and press Enter
          4. Insert Disk 2 of SiteView
          5. Type a:pkunzip -d a:siteview and press Enter
          6. Follow Directions
          
          Viewing or Printing This Document
          
          1. Start Microsoft WORD for Windows or compatible
          word processor software
          2. Insert DOCUMENTATION DISK
          3. Open a:siteview.doc
          4. View or Print
          
          Starting SiteView 1.0 from Program manager
          
          1.From Program Manager, select File menu, and
            choose Run
          2.Type c:\siteview\sv.exe and press Enter
          3.Once in SiteView, select File menu, and choose
            Open
          4.Type c:\siteview\mudville\mudville.sws and
            select Open
          
          Starting SiteView 1.0 from an Icon
          
          1.Start Microsoft Windows
          2.From Program Manager, select File menu, and
            choose New
          3.Choose Program Group and press OK
          4.Complete the fields in the Program Group
            Properties dialog box in the following way:
            
            Description:          SiteView
            
          5.Press OK.
          6.From Program Manager, select File menu, and
            choose New
          7.Choose Program Item and press OK
          8.Complete the fields in the Program Item
            Properties dialog box in the following way:
            
            Description:          SiteView 1.0
            Command Line:         C:\siteview\siteview.exe
            Working Directory:    C:\siteview
            
          9.Select the Change Icon button and choose desired
            icon.  Press OK.
          10.    Double click on the SiteView Icon
          11.    Once in SiteView, select File menu, and
            choose Open
          12.    Type c:\siteview\mudville\mudville.sws and
            select Open

The Keyboard and Mouse
          
          When using SiteView, you enter information with the
          keyboard and mouse.  The keyboard has standard
          typewriter keys, a number pad, and additional
          special keys.
          
          The mouse lets you manipulate things on the
          computer screen.  A pointer appears on the screen
          to show the location of the mouse.  When you move
          the mouse, the pointer moves.  SiteView supports a
          two-button mouse, which allows you three selection
          alternatives:  Left (Select), Control-Left (Adjust
          Selection), and Right.  When your system is
          installed with a three-button mouse, SiteView
          ignores the middle button.
          
          As you use this manual, youOll be asked to perform
          the following mouse operations.
          
          This           Means
          Press          Push the mouse button and
                         hold it down.
          Release        Let go of a pressed mouse
                         button.
          Click on       Press and release the left
                         mouse button quickly before
                         you move the pointer.
                         
          Click-left     Press and release the left
                         mouse button quickly before
                         you move the pointer.
                         
          Control-click- Press and release the control
          left           button while pressing the
                         left mouse button quickly
                         before you move the pointer.
                         
          Click-right    Press and release the right
                         mouse button quickly before
                         you move the pointer.
                         
          Double-click   Quickly press and release the
                         mouse button twice before
                         moving the pointer.
                         
          Move the       Slide the mouse with no
          pointer        buttons pressed.
          
          Drag the       Slide the mouse with one or
          pointer        more buttons pressed.
                         
          Graphically    Move the pointer over the
          select         object and click-left.  To
          objects        adjust your selection, move
                         the pointer over an object
                         and control-click-left.  If
                         the object is selected, it
                         becomes unselected;  if the
                         object is unselected, it
                         becomes selected.
                         
                         You can also select objects
                         by pressing the left mouse
                         button and dragging the
                         pointer to create a rectangle
                         around the area that youOd
                         like displayed in the window.
                         Release the button and all
                         the objects enclosed by the
                         square are selected.
                         
          Display menus  Click-right on a menu to
          and choose     display it.  Click-left on a
          commands       command to choose it.  To
                         choose a menuOs default
                         command, click-left on the
                         menu.
                         

Mudville Airport
          
          The hypothetical Mudville Airport site is a 500-
          acre regional airport bordered by light industry
          and residential areas.  Approximately 30 borings
          and monitoring wells lie within a 4000-foot radius
          of the site.  Chemical samples taken in these wells
          have been used to characterize the extent of
          groundwater contamination in the environs.  A small
          river lies some distance from the site but is not
          used for public water supply.
          
          All of the data for the Mudville site are, in fact,
          real, although they have been combined from
          different projects and renamed.  All the data are
          in the public domain and may be used for
          demonstrations and presentations of SiteView's
          environmental visualization capabilities.

Mudville data set
          
          The data set that was shipped with SiteView
          contains the following files:
          
          mudville.sws   This is a SiteView workspace of the
                         Mudville Airport, into which have
                         already been imported the
                         mudville.dxf CAD drawings,
                         borings.tsv geotechnical boring
                         locations, chem.tsv chemical
                         samples taken in the borings, and
                         the gwl.tsv groundwater levels.
          
          mudville.dxf   CAD drawings of the Mudville
                         Airport and surrounding areas saved
                         in AutoCAD DXF format (these have
                         already been imported into the
                         workspace, but are saved in a
                         pointer file with the workspace;
                         when you open a saved site,
                         SiteView searches for the DXF files
                         and automatically re-imports them;
                         if you delete or move DXF files,
                         SiteView will not be able to
                         reimport them).
          
          borings.tsv    Tab-separated-value (TSV) ascii
                         file containing the original soil
                         borings and their locations
                         (already imported into the
                         workspace).
          
          chem.tsv       TSV file of chemical analyte values
                         (already imported into the
                         workspace).
          
          gwl.tsv        TSV file of groundwater levels
                         across the site (already imported
                         into the workspace).
          
          measure.tsv    TSV file of chemical measurements.
          
          strat.tsv      TSV file of stratigraphic interval
                         observations for the monitoring
                         well data in the wells.tsv file,
                         consists of well name, from-depth,
                         to-depth, and material type data
                         (not yet imported).
          
          wells.tsv      TSV file of monitoring well names,
                         locations, and depths (not imported
                         into the workspace yet)

Viewing Mudville
          
          Starting SiteView
          
          To start SiteView:
          
            Start or login to your computer.
            Start Windows by typing win at the prompt.
            Double-click-left on the icon for SiteView in
            the Program Manager.
          
          Opening the Mudville Site
          
            From SiteView's File menu, click on Open.
            In the file browser, double click on the
            mudville.sws file.
            SiteView will open the Mudville site and
            reconstruct the saved view.
          
          Note:  To conserve hard disk space so that you can
          store large amounts of site information, when you
          save a workspace with SiteView only the imported
          data and instructions for recreating the
          VirtualSite are saved.  When you open a site,
          SiteView recalculates the various surfaces, iso-
          shells, and other objects that have been specified.
          SiteView also recreates the lighting, smoothing,
          and other conditions of the site.  On a typical 486-
          PC, this rebuilding may last for as long as one or
          two minutes.  Be patient.  Remind yourself, this is
          much cheaper than buying a fancy graphics
          workstation.

What's in the Mudville workspace
          
          When you open the Mudville workspace, you will see
          that a number of objects have already been created.
          The idea is that you can use these already created
          features to explore SiteView's environmental
          visualization capabilities before you need to learn
          more detailed topics such as how to import raw data
          or how to create iso-shells and surfaces.
          
          The original Mudville workspace contains, among
          other things,
          
            Planimetric maps of the Mudville Airport and
            environs, lying on top of a 3D bounding box
            which circumscribes the subsurface space.
          
            A set of borings shown by their locations and
            centerlines.  Along the length of the borings,
            triangle symbols show the locations of chemical
            samples.
          
            A 3D groundwater plume of chemical
            concentrations based on downhole samples in the
            set of borings.
          
            Groundwater surface.
          
          The various files of data for monitoring wells,
          stratigraphy, and other information about the site
          will be used later in this manual to illustrate
          importing new data and creating new site features.

3D Views
          
          The principal way most people want to view their
          data is in full three dimensions.  In SiteView,
          this is called the 3D view.  When you opened the
          Mudville workspace, a single 3D view was present.
          You can create a new 3D view of your workspace by
          selecting New 3D View from the Window menu.  Within
          the hardware limits of your computer, there is no
          limitation to the number of simultaneous views you
          can have of your workspace.
          
          Note:  Because all of the views by necessity share
          the same set of colors that Windows supports,
          usually only the active window has the correct
          colors you have chosen from the object properties
          dialog box.  The inactive views often do not keep
          their correct colors when another window has been
          made active.  For the time being, this is a system
          limitation and there is little SiteView can do
          about it.

Viewpoint
          
          A 3D view allows to see your data in three
          dimensions.  Depending on where in space the
          observer is, this picture will appear differently.
          You can "look down" on your site from above, "look
          up"  from below, or "look across" from some oblique
          angle.  Also, you can look at the site from
          different azimuth directions.  You control the
          point in space from which you see the workspace by
          using the Viewpoint... window which is found under
          the View menu.  The Viewpoint... window allows you
          to set or increment the azimuth, inclination, and
          perspective of a view.  It allows you to move the
          observation point in to (closer) or out of (further
          away from) the site.
          
          Bounding box
          
          The Bounding Box... command found within the
          Options... window under the View menu allows you to
          put a box around your site.  You can change the
          color and size of this box, and mark its edges with
          scales.  Most people find it easier to perceive
          three dimensional objects rendered on the monitor
          screen when a bounding box surrounds the image.
          
          The command Fit Bbox Around Selection makes the
          bounding box just circumscribe the selected
          objects.  If all objects are selected, Fit To
          Selection puts a box around the entire site.  If
          only a few objects are selected, Fit To Selection
          can be used to highlight those objects.
          
          Clip View causes SiteView to trim the image at the
          faces of the box.  This allows you to isolate one
          part of the site and "cut away" everything outside
          the box which surrounds it.
          
          Rotate
          
          You can rotate the site clockwise away from the
          observer or counter-clockwise toward the observer
          using the up and down arrow buttons on the
          Viewpoint... window.  These same buttons appear on
          the tool bar at the top of the view.  Each time you
          click on one of these buttons, SiteView rotates the
          image by the increment shown on the Viewpoint...
          window.  You can change this angular increment by
          typing over the number in the window between the
          arrows.
          
          Similarly, you can rotate the site to the left or
          right by clicking on the left and right arrows
          either on the Viewpoint... window or on the
          toolbar.  SiteView rotates the view by the
          increment shown on the Viewpoint... window.
          
          Moving in and out
          
          You can move the viewpoint in toward or out away
          from the site objects using the In/Out buttons.
          Moving the viewpoint in toward the site has the
          effect of moving the observer closer toward the
          image, and finally inside the set of objects that
          make up the workspace.  Moving out has the opposite
          effect.  In/out is the same as "walking through the
          site," as is often done in architectural graphics.
          
          Note:  Moving the viewpoint in and out is not
          equivalent to zooming-in and zooming-out of  the
          view.  Zooming magnifies the image on the screen (
          that is, blows up a part of the picture so that all
          the features are larger); it does not change the
          angles of view among the elements of the picture.
          Moving in or out changes the relative angles of
          different site objects within the view.

Zoom, pan, and scaling to fit
          
          You can zoom in on (magnify) or out of the site
          display in any view.
          
          Zoom
          
          To enlarge (zoom in on) a view:
          
            Choose the Zoom tool in the window pallet
            (magnifying glass).
            Click-left in the area that youOd like in the
            center of the display.  The view is redrawn,
            magnified at 1.2 times the original.
            Or, drag-left and pull the pointer to create a
            rectangle around an area.  Release the button
            and the view is redrawn so that the area in the
            rectangle fills the window.
          
          To reduce (zoom out of) a view:
          
            Choose the Zoom tool.
            Control-click-left in the area that youOd like
            in the center of the display.  The view is
            redrawn, reduced 1.2 times the original.
            Or, control-drag-left and pull the pointer to
            create a rectangle around an area.  Release the
            button and the view is redrawn so that the site
            display is reduced to the size of the rectangle.
          
          Pan
          
          You can move the site display in a window using the
          Pan tool or using the Center on Selection command
          under the View menu.  To move the site display with
          the Pan tool:
            Choose the Pan tool (the hand).
            Drag-left on the desired location; as you drag
            the mouse, a line appears.
            Drag the pointer to a new location, the line is
            drawn from the original to the new location.
            Release the button and the display moves toward
            the new location.
          
          To center the site display on the current
          selection:  Choose the Center on Selection command
          from the View menu.
          
          Scaling to fit
          
          You can display the entire site so it all appears
          in the Plan view window.  To resize the site to
          fill the window:  Choose the Scale to Fit All
          command from the View menu.  The site display is
          resized so it appears in the window completely.
          
          You can display the site so all the currently
          selected objects appear in the Plan view window.
          To resize the site to display all currently
          selected objects:  Choose the Scale to Fit
          Selection command from the View menu.  The site
          display is resized so the objects appear in the
          window completely.
          
          You can adjust the display of the site in the
          window by zooming in or out on the site, sizing the
          site to fit the window, or moving the site within
          the window.

Lighting
          
          3D views with iso-shells and surfaces can be
          lighted to enhance the degree of discrimination you
          perceive in visualizing a site.  SiteView can apply
          a light source at any direction and in any color,
          and can smooth the reflectance of shells and
          surfaces in a variety of ways.
          
          Light direction
          
          You can set the direction toward which the light
          source strikes the images by clicking on the
          respective button in the lighting window.  Clicking
          on North means that the light shines toward the
          north, and so forth.  The positive y-axis points
          north; the positive x-axis points east.  U, C, and
          D mean that the light shines from the top (upper),
          center, or bottom (down) direction.
          
          Light color
          
          The Light Color selection allow you to change the
          color of the light that illuminates the image.
          SiteView provides a set of 30 default colors.  You
          can also select custom colors by clicking on Custom
          at the end of the list.  Colored light has little
          effect when color ramps are turned on, and have
          maximum effect when the color ramps are turned off
          (i.e., index interpolation is turned off) and the
          surface edge color is set to a neutral value such
          as white or light gray.
          
          Lighting algorithm
          
          SiteView provides three lighting algorithms:
            Flat--reflects light at the angle of incidence
            off each planar facet of the surface.
            Gouraud--linearly smoothes the reflectance of
            the light off the facets of the surface.
            Phong--Non-linearly smoothes the reflectance of
            the light off the facets of the surface.
          
          Flat lighting calculates faster than Gouraud or
          Phong lighting, but shows the edges of the surface
          facets more readily.  Phone lighting provides the
          most smoothing, but takes the longest to calculate.

Plan views or "maps"
          
          SiteView uses a 3D view of your site data.  To see
          a plan view similar to a standard map or GIS
          picture, you can set the Viewpoint to look down on
          the site (Top Down View), turn off Perspective, and
          turn off hidden surfaces in the View menu,
          Options... window.  This give you a Planimetric map
          of the site, and also allows you to render 3D iso-
          shells or surfaces in the same picture.  In the
          plan view, Send to Front and Send to Back change
          the drawing order of objects at the site to enhance
          the view you want to achieve.

Fence diagrams
          
          A fence diagram is a projected view of
          stratigraphic panels in three-dimensions.  SiteView
          supports arbitrary fence diagrams passing through
          borings, wells, or other vertical sets of
          stratigraphic data.  Fence diagrams can be cross-
          cutting (e.g., a figure-eight section line),
          multiplicative (i.e., more than one sequence of
          borings), and can intersect iso-shells.  You can
          use colors and/or stipples categorized by
          geological material type to represent the different
          strata in a fence diagram, and can make fences
          opaque or transparent to illustrate the attribute
          levels in an iso-shell figure.
          
          To create a Fence Diagram:
          
            Select the borings or the section line for which
            you want to make a Fence Diagram.
            Choose Create..., Section Line from the Edit
            menu.
          
          To change the way a fence diagram looks, choose
          Selection Properties... from the Edit menu, and
          change the properties of interest.
          
          Working with fence diagrams
          
          A Fence Diagram provides an oblique, three-
          dimensional view of the site.
          
          You can manipulate the Fence Diagram in the same
          ways you manipulate any other 3D view.  For example
          you can:
          
            Change the area of the Fence Diagram display by
            zooming in and out, panning, centering on the
            selection, scaling to fit the entire Fence
            Diagram, or scaling to fit the current selection
            within the Fence Diagram.
            Create annotations within the Fence Diagram.
            Change the appearance of individual site objects
            displayed within the Fence Diagram..

Working with multiple views
          
          You can create multiple SiteView views and display
          them simultaneously.  For example, you can display
          different parts of a site in two separate views.
          You can display a plan surface in one 3D view, and
          examine the same attribute with a profile surface
          in a Fence Diagram, and see iso-shells in another
          3D view all simultaneously.
          
          As before, Windows allows SiteView to use only a
          single color ramp.  Usually, only the active window
          has the "true" colors that you selected.  Inactive
          windows may have colors that change when the window
          is made inactive.  When the window is again made
          active, the "true" colors reappear.  This is a
          limitation of the PC hardware and operating system
          and cannot be avoided.



Chapter 3
Objects and Attributes




          
          Working with objects is the fundamental way of
          manipulating data in SiteView.  This chapter
          describes how objects are organized and used by
          SiteView; it describes
          
            objects and object classes,
            attributes and attribute values,
            data types, and
            samples and sources.

Objects and Classes
          
          Objects are organized groups of data values that
          are the basis of all data management, analysis, and
          visualization in SiteView.  Classes organize the
          data associated with an object.  Classes can be
          thought of as a template for objects.   The objects
          themselves are instances of a class, created from
          these templates.   Classes and objects consist of
          groups of attributes which organize the data
          values.  In an object, at least some values for the
          attributes are filled in.
          
          The following table gives examples of classes and
          objects.
          
          Class                  Objects
          Boring                 B1, B5, B3
          Surface                terrain, groundwater
                                 level
          Sample                 sample SO-4, SO-3,
                                 Sample-2
          
          There are two kinds of classes in SiteView:
          
            default classes in SiteView are defined in the
            object dictionary and can be grouped into
            subclasses by the naming convention you use.
          
            derived classes are special classes SiteView
            creates for such things as surfaces, iso-shells,
            and DXF layers.
          
          Some classes have special meaning in SiteView and
          are used to create the various views or new objects
          of derived classes.  SiteView looks for specific
          attributes in the objects created from these
          classes to find the values from which to compute
          views or derived objects.  For example, to create
          Profile views and Fence Diagrams, SiteView looks
          for the material attribute in a stratigraphy sample
          object which is associated with a boring.

Attributes and Attribute Values
          
          Classes and the objects defined by them contain
          attributes.  Attributes hold the objectOs data
          values; attributes have names and data types.
          Attribute names allow you to refer to specific
          attributes.  In an object created from a class
          template, attributes can be filled with data values
          that correspond to their attributeOs data type.
          These values are called attribute values.
          
          The following table gives a few examples of
          attributes and their data type.
                              
          Attribute    Data Type/Description
          Name         String.
          Source       References to boring or sample
                       location.
          Elevation x  Floating point number
          Comments     String.  Allows users to
                       associate text with an object.
                              
      The following table shows the attributes for the
         Boring Class and the attribute values for a
                specific boring, named B-100.
                              
          Class Attributes       Attribute Values
          Name                   B-100
          X                      22620 ft
          Y                      36280 ft
          Z                      603 ft
                              
        If you created a new boring object, you would
           specify values for the same attributes.
                              
                    Data Types and Units
                              
         Data types determine the valid values for a
      attribute.  SiteView supports the following data
                           types:
                              
                           integer
                        floating point
                            string
                              
        Valid values for strings are any sequence of
     alphanumeric characters.  For integers and floating
     point numbers valid values are numeric quantities.
       SiteView does not associate units with the data
      types.  Examples of string, integer, and floating
                point values are shown below.
                              
          Data Type              Valid Values
          String                 ABCDEF
                                 Cadmium Surface
                                 Boring log
          Integer                12345
                                 -37
          Floating Point         +0.5
                                 +.576
                                 -1.3 e 2
                              
       SiteView recognizes not-specified (blank) as a
      valid value for all types.  Not-specified values
      have meaning during data import and are otherwise
        ignored.  Importing a specified value into a
        attribute which was previously not-specified
         overwrites the attribute value; otherwise a
     conflict is reported.   Blanks indicate a value is
                  not-specified for import.
                              
             Sources, samples, and measurements
                              
                       Objects can be
                              
                           sources
                         samples, or
                        measurements.
                              
       Sources are the spatially referenced objects or
       locations such as borings at which samples and
       measurements have been taken.  Samples are the
     spatially referenced objects such as a soil sample
     or groundwater sample which observations have been
          made.  Measurements are the non-spatially
          referenced pairs of measurement-type and
     measurement-result which constitute the analytical
      result of sampling.  For example, one related set
          of source, sample, measurement could be:
                              
         Source:  Boring B-1, x=1000, y=1521, z=345
           Sample:  Water sample at depth 10 feet
                    Measurement:  pH, 7.2
                              
     The relationship of source to sample and of sample
     to measurement are parametric ones in which some of
       the sampleOs attribute values are determined in
         relationship to its source, and some of the
      measurement's attribute values are determined in
                 relationship to its sample.
                              
     In the example above, a water sample with a boring
      as its source has an associated pH measurement of
     7.2.  The soil sample has a "depth" attribute of 10
         feet which describes its distance down hole
     relative to the top of the boring.  The sample also
     has an elevation attribute Z that is parametrically
     determined from the top of the boring elevation and
     the sample depth:  z (sample) = z (boring) - depth
     (sample) = 345-10 = 245.  The x and y locations of
     the sample are directly inherited from those of the
       boring.  The measurement of pH has x, y, and z
       locations that are inherited from those of the
         sample, so that x=1000, y=1521, and z=245.
                              
      The connections between sample objects and source
     objects and between measurement and sample objects
     are created during import by specifying the name of
     the source object in the sample data or the name of
      the sample object in the measurement data.  If a
     sample object is imported before its source object,
      or the measurement before the sample object, the
     data will reside within SiteView's data set but the
     object will not be able to be visualized.  Once the
      source object is imported, the sample can inherit
     data from it, and consequently be shown in spatial
      views.  Similarly for the sample and measurement.
                              
                     Water level samples
                              
      Water levels are a particular class of sample in
          SiteView.  Water level samples have five
     attributes:  Name, Source, Depth, Water Elevation.
      The depth is the depth at which the measurements
        was made.  Water Elevation is the piezometric
     potential of the water measurement value, expressed
        as elevation head.  Graphically, water level
        samples show the piezomentric potential as an
      inverted triangle along the boring or well depth.
                              
                     Coordinate Systems
                              
      Survey data and other site objects specify their
        position with respect to a coordinate system.
     SiteView uses a reference coordinate system that it
        constructs from the xyz values of objects you
     import or create.  The data you import or manually
     enter into SiteView must have consistent coordinate
     values.  SiteView is not a cartographic system and
           does not internally support coordinate
      transformation.  However, objects in SiteView can
     be translated, scaled, and rotated with the pallet
                      tools and mouse.
                              
                              
                              
                          Chapter 4
          Creating, Importing, and Viewing Objects
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
       You can create, edit, and delete objects using
        commands from the File and Edit menus.  This
                  chapter describes how to
                              
          create new objects by importing data from
                        spreadsheets,
          delete objects already in the VirtualSite,
              import CAD layers from DXF files,
                 create derived objects, and
                        move objects.
                              
                      Creating objects
                              
        There are several ways of creating objects in
                     SiteView.  You can
                              
       create points, polylines, squares, and polygons
                   with the palette tools,
              import objects from a spreadsheet,
           create derived objects using the Create
                        commands, and
                import layers from a DXF file.
                              
       This section describes how to create and import
        basic objects. Later chapters describe how to
          create derived objects, and how to import
                     stratigraphic data.
                              
             Creating objects with palette tools
                              
      You can create points, surface points, polylines,
            and polygons using the Palette tools.
                              
                       Creating points
                              
                     To create a point:
                              
     1.Click on the Point tool along the left hand side
                        of any view.
     2.Click on a location in the view, and a point  is
                          created.
                              
     Note, SiteView attempts to interpret all three x,y,
      and z coordinates of the point.  However, because
     any spot on the 2D monitor window corresponds to an
        infinite number of collinear points in the 3D
       VirtualSite, SiteView needs to make assumptions
       about where the new point is to be located.  It
       does so by fitting a plane perpendicular to the
        line of view at the mid-point of the current
      selection, and placing the newly defined point on
     that plane.  This may not be the point in xyz space
      that you have in mind.  SiteView shows the point
     coordinates in the selection box at the top of the
     view.  If these coordinates are not what you want,
     you can move the newly created point using the Move
                            tool.
                              
          Creating polylines, polygons, and squares
                              
              To create a polyline or polygon:
                              
                  Click on the Polygon tool.
        Click-left on the appropriate locations in the
      diagram to create vertices.  You can click-right
                 to remove the last vertex.
         Control-click-left, or close the polygon, to
                 finish drawing the object.
                              
          Again, the note above applies to the xyz
       coordinates that SiteView interprets from your
                      graphical input.
                              
                  Creating Derived Objects
                              
      SiteView creates three types of geometric objects
      that it derives from other objects and attribute
                            data:
                              
             Iso-Shells of 3D data fields in xyz,
            Attribute surfaces over x,y space, and
              Section lines for fence diagrams.
                              
     Objects of each of these classes are based on other
        data in the VirtualSite, and they may not be
                          imported.
                              
        Iso-shells of 3D data fields are mathematical
       representations of the relationships between a
       chosen attribute value and the xyz locations of
      those values in space.  An iso-shell is the locus
     of points of constant attribute value in 3D space.
     Examples of iso-shells are the threshold value of a
       groundwater contaminant plume having come from
     downhole samples, or a specified value of pollutant
        concentration in the air having come from the
     results of an air dispersion calculation.  Details
       on creating iso-shells are found in the chapter
                   entitled, OIso-Shells.O
                              
      Surfaces are mathematical representations of the
      relationship between a chosen attribute value and
         the x,y locations of those values in space.
      Examples of surfaces are terrain elevation, depth
     to groundwater, and concentration of some chemical
       contaminant on the ground surface.  Details on
         creating surfaces are found in the chapter
                    entitled, OSurfaces.O
                              
        Section lines are the polylines on the ground
         surface connecting borings that are used in
       constructing a geologic profile or fence (i.e.,
     traverse lines).  A section line shows the cutting
       (poly-)plane used to display geology in a fence
     diagram.  Details on section lines are found in the
              chapter entitled, OStratigraphy.O
                              
                      Deleting Objects
                              
          To delete an object or group of objects:
                              
          Make sure the object or group is the first
                    element on the stack.
       Choose the Delete command from the Edit menu.  A
        dialog box appears asking you to confirm the
                      Delete operation.
        Choose the Yes button to delete the object or
                           group.
                              
      Note:  Deleting an object is permanent.  You may
     not undelete once the operation has been executed.
      If you only want to hide an object from view but
        not delete it, select the object or group in
        question and choose Hide from the Edit menu.
                              
                       Moving Objects
                              
       You can move or adjust the location or scale of
      objects in the VirtualSite using a set of pallet
       tools.  These include the move tool, horizontal
     scale tool, vertical scale tool, and rotation tool.
                              
                          Move tool
                              
     You can move selected objects on the Plan view with
             the Move tool.  To move an object:
                              
                1.   Click on the Move tool.
        2.   Select an object by clicking left on it.
       3.   Drag-right the object to the new location.
                              
     The next time you select that object, its location
             coordinates will reflect the move.
                              
                    Horizontal scale tool
                              
      The Horizontal scale selection tool allows you to
     change the horizontal scale of an object or group.
      Clicking-left on the object selects, control-left
      adjusts the selection, and dragging-right changes
     the horizontal (xy) scale of the object.  Dragging
       to the left makes the horizontal extent of the
       object smaller, dragging to the right makes the
                  horizontal extent larger.
                              
      The Restore Position command under the Edit menu
        allows you to restore the original scale and
     position if no other action has been executed since
                      the change scale.
                              
                     Vertical scale tool
                              
       The Vertical scale selection tool allows you to
      change the vertical scale of an object or group.
      Clicking-left on the object selects, control-left
      adjusts the selection, and dragging-right in the
     up/down direction changes the vertical scale of the
     object.  Dragging toward the top makes the vertical
     exaggeration of the object larger, dragging toward
     the bottom makes the vertical exaggeration smaller.
                              
      The Restore Position command under the Edit menu
        allows you to restore the original scale and
                          position.
                              
                        Rotation tool
                              
     The Rotation tool allows you to rotate the angular
     position of a selected object or group.  Clicking-
      left on the object selects, control-left adjusts
        the selection, and dragging-right changes the
      angular position of the object.  Dragging to the
     left rotates the object counter-clockwise, dragging
         to the right rotates the object clockwise.
                              
      The Restore Position command under the Edit menu
        allows you to restore the original scale and
                          position.
                              
                Importing from a spreadsheet
                              
     SiteView allows you to integrate different types of
           data from various sources into a single
         VirtualSite.  You can import site data from
      spreadsheets, databases, or other applications by
      storing your data in a tab-separated-value (.tsv)
      array file.  The order in which attributes appear
      in the array is unimportant.  SiteView allows you
        to map the relationship between incoming data
     columns or rows and corresponding SiteView objects
                       or attributes.
                              
        After importing, the data become VirtualSite
      objects.  You can then use SiteViewOs features to
     manipulate, analyze, and visualize your site data.
                              
       The data you import from spreadsheets describes
       site objects and their attribute values.    For
      example, the following spreadsheet data describe
      three monitoring wells in the VirtualSite:  MW-3,
                      MW-3A, and MW-4.
                              
          Monitoring Wells                    
          X           Y           Z           Name
          7850        10200       233.03      MW-3
          7530        10350       193.18      MW-3A
          7300        10275       190.29      MW-4
                              
      For each object you import from the spreadsheet,
     SiteView creates a temporary object, then searches
      the VirtualSite for a previously existing object
       with the same name.  If SiteView finds such an
       object, it merges the newly imported attribute
     values into the existing object's attribute values.
     If SiteView does not find such an existing object,
     it creates a new object using the attribute values
       (including the value of the Name attribute) you
                provided on the spreadsheet.
                              
      Not:  You need not include the Name attribute for
       all site objects imported from the spreadsheet.
     SiteView checks for an existing object only if you
         do provide a name for the incoming object.
                              
        When you import one or more samples from the
      spreadsheet, you can include for each sample the
        name of the associated source object, thereby
     establishing the relationship between the imported
      sample and its source.  (Recall that each source
     can have many samples, but that each sample has at
                      most one source.)
                              
       For example, the following spreadsheet data are
      chemistry samples related to the three monitoring
                           wells.
                              
          Sample    Source    Depth
          A         B-1        10
          B         B-1        20
                 C                B-2              10
                              
                              
       The following spreadsheet data are the analyte
      measurements made in the three chemistry samples.
                              
          Measurement           Sample  Value
          METHYLENE CHLORIDE      A      6000
          TRANS-1, 2-             A      6500
          DICHLOROETHENE
          TRICHLOROETHENE         A     20000
          TETRACHLOROETHENE       A      3000
          METHYLENE CHLORIDE      B      6521
          TRANS-1, 2-             B      6043
          DICHLOROETHENE
          TRICHLOROETHENE         B     `9034
          TETRACHLOROETHENE       B      2300
          METHYLENE CHLORIDE      C      6100
          TRANS-1, 2-             C      6498
          DICHLOROETHENE
          TRICHLOROETHENE         C     21657
          TETRACHLOROETHENE       C      3000
                              
     You should arrange the data on your spreadsheet so
        that each row or column of an imported range
     represents a single site object.  Within such a row
      or column, individual cells represent values for
                  the objects' attributes.
                              
                  Preparing Data for Import
                              
      Before importing spreadsheet data into SiteView,
        you should prepare your data according to the
                    following guidelines:
                              
          Group data of similar class together.  For
       example, keep monitoring wells together on the
                        spreadsheet.
       Remember that objects with no associated x-, y-,
        and z-coordinate data do not appear in views.
         Store your data in an ASCII file that is tab
                      delimited (.tsv).
       Make sure that your data use the same coordinate
       system as the virtual site into which they are
                       being imported.
                              
                       Importing Data
                              
         The Import process has the following steps:
                              
            1.   Specify the .tsv file to import.
      2.   Specify the import format (columns or rows).
      3.   Specify the class of object to import in the
                       scrolling list.
     4.   Map the data layout to the list of attributes.
         5.   Select ranges of rows to be imported.
                   6.   Click OK or Apply.
                              
                     Specifying the File
                              
       To begin the import process, choose the Import
     Import Spreadsheet command from the File menu.  The
       Import Spreadsheet dialog box appears when you
      first choose the Import Spreadsheet command.  It
      allows you to specify the name of the spreadsheet
                            file.
                              
       There are two ways of specifying a file in this
                         dialog box:
                              
          Type the file path in the File Name field.
            Click on a file in the scrolling list.
                              
     After you specify the file name and click on the OK
      button, the Import Spreadsheet dialog box appears
         with the data from the file to be imported.
                              
               Specifying the Class of Object
                              
     To specify the class of object to import, click on
      it in the pull-down list of object classes.  The
       list beneath displays the classO attributes and
      changes according to the object class you select.
      Note that the class list excludes derived classes
       such as surfaces, iso-shells, and section lines
         because you cannot import derived objects.
                              
             Describing the Spreadsheet's Layout
                              
     Next, you need to describe the spreadsheet's layout
         to SiteView.  That is, tell SiteView which
        attributes you are importing and where on the
       spreadsheet the values of those attributes are
                          located.
                              
      Along the top of the data table is a set of blank
      fields.  Each blank field corresponds to a column
     of data in the table.  In each blank field, one of
      the attribute names listed in the scrolling list
     will be mapped.  This tells SiteView that the data
       in that column correspond to whatever attribute
                    name is mapped there.
                              
      To make the mapping, select the appropriate blank
      field above a column.  Click on the corresponding
     attribute in the scrolling list to the left.  That
     attribute name will appear in the blank field, and
     the selection will move to the right.  If you want
        to pass over a column, click on Skip Column.
                              
      When you have finished mapping the attributes to
      data columns, highlight the rows of data that you
       want to import.  Then click OK or Apply and the
       data will be imported, and new objects will be
                    created in SiteView.
                              
      Note:  Unmapped rows or columns are not imported.
                              
                  Importing from a DXF File
                              
        You can import two- and three-dimensional DXF
         layers as SiteView graphic overlay objects.
     Graphic objects are represented as overlays on the
     3D view; they do not have attributes.  SiteView can
           import the following DXF entity types:
                              
                           points,
                            lines,
                          polylines,
                            arcs,
                           circles,
                    3-dimensional objects,
                       solid (entity),
                     blocks/inserts, and
                text (with scale and rotation)
                              
      SiteView's import capability does not include the
                         following:
                              
                      binary DXF files,
                       shape (entity),
                       trace (entity),
                    extended entity data,
          line attributes (e.g., width, style), and
                              
       Because each DXF layer is imported as a static
      graphic object, the contents of an imported layer
     cannot be edited or converted to SiteView objects.
      To ensure maximum performance of SiteView, import
      as few layers as possible, or hide layers that do
      not need to be visible all the time. To make this
         as easy as possible, group in one layer all
     entities that you want to hide or reveal as a unit.
                              
                    To import DXF files:
                              
     1.Choose the Import DXF command from the Import...
        command under the File menu.  The Import DXF
                     dialog box appears.
      2.Specify the path and file name of the DXF file
      in the Import DXF dialog box and click on the OK
          button.  The Import DXF Layers dialog box
                          appears.
          3.Choose layers from the scrolling list.
       4.Click on the OK button.  SiteView imports the
             layers as editable graphic objects.
                              
                              
                              
                          Chapter 5
                      Selecting Objects
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
      Many SiteView operations require single objects,
          groups of objects, or attribute values as
       functional arguments.  When SiteView operations
      require this input, SiteView gets the input from
        whatever is currently selected.  The current
      selection and selection history is a scratch pad
        for arguments-to and results-from operations.
                              
      When you perform an operation that requires input
      from the selection history, the first element is
     used.  Some operations require more than one input
      in which case the first, second, third, and so on
                     elements are used.
                              
      Operations that require input remove the elements
      (arguments) from the selection history and place
           the operation results as the finalmost
       recentelement(s) in the history.  For example,
      suppose that the selection history contained the
       elements on the left, below, with a group of 20
     groundwater elevation points as the last selection.
        You can ask SiteView to create a groundwater
      elevation surface from the 20 points by choosing
     Create... Surface from the Edit menu.  After doing
         so, the selection history would contain the
                   elements on the right.
                              
        List order  Selection history:     Selection
                          history:
                              
           -4                          Object 1 (1)
           -3        Object 1 (1)      Object 2 (1)
           -2        Object 2 (1)      Object 3 (1)
            -1        Object 3 (1)      Points (20)
            0         Points (20)       Surface (1)
                              
               This chapter describes how to,
                              
                       select objects,
                manipulate groups of objects,
               work with the selection history,
          store objects and groups in registers, and
                 query for attribute values.
                              
                       Select objects
                              
                  You can select objects by
                              
               graphically selecting in views,
        using the Select window under the Edit menu,
       or using the Selection History window under the
                      Select... window.
                              
                Selecting objects graphically
                              
     You can select objects graphically in any view.  To
      select objects, move the pointer over the object
       and click-left.  You can also select objects by
       pressing the left mouse button and dragging the
        pointer to create a rectangle to surround the
        objects, then release the button and all the
       objects enclosed by the rectangle are selected.
                              
       To adjust a selection, move the pointer over an
      object and control-click-left.  If the object is
     selected, it becomes unselected;  if the object is
      unselected, it becomes selected.  If you already
     had selected other objects, control-click-left adds
          or removes the new object from the group.
                              
                       Select window
                              
      The Select window is found under the Edit menu.
      The Select dialog window has three boxes within
     it:  a Choose From box at the top, a list of object
      classes along the left, and a list of individual
      objects along the right.  What you choose in each
      of these boxes affects what appears in the other
                           boxes.
                              
                       Select by class
                              
      In the Choose From box you can choose either from
                              
                           All, or
                      Current Selection.
                              
      All, means that you are selecting from the entire
      VirtualSite, and all of the objects and data that
        have been imported or entered into the site.
       Current Selection, means that you are selecting
       only from those objects that occupy the current
                         selection.
                              
     When you choose All, a scrolling list of all object
        classes that exist in the entire VirtualSite
      appears in the object list on the left hand side.
      The respective number of objects of each class is
     shown in parentheses next to the class name.  When
        you choose Current Selection, the object list
     contains only those object classes and numbers that
        exist in the then current selection.  You can
        toggle back and forth between All and Current
     Selection, and the left hand side list will change.
                              
      Clicking on one of the object classes in the left
        hand side list, and then clicking on OK or on
       Apply, tells SiteView to select all the objects
      that are of the class you have just highlighted.
       You may aggregate different types of objects by
      adjusting the selection (using control-click-left
     with the mouse) in the left hand side.  Clicking on
      OK or Apply tells SiteView to select the group of
          all objects of all the classes that were
      simultaneously highlighted in the left hand side
                            list.
                              
      When you highlight a class of object in the left
       hand side list, all the individual instances of
     that object class(es) appear in the scrolling list
       to the right.  Toggling between All and Current
     Selection in the Choose From box causes the list of
      individual instances of objects in the right hand
     side list to change.  When you highlight individual
     objects in the right hand side list, and then click
        on OK or Apply, SiteView selects the group of
        individual objects that you have highlighted.
                              
                       Select by value
                              
        You can also select objects by the values of
        attributes associated with them.  Beneath the
         scrolling list of object classes and object
      instances is a query bar entitled, "Where," that
      allows you to select an attribute to query on and
       to set a logical query relationship.  Clicking
     Filter causes this query to be executed on whatever
     set of objects has been chosen in the select class
                 or object scrolling lists.
                              
         For example, say that you have selected all
      measurement objects in the scrolling list at the
       top of the Selection window.  Now set the query
      attribute to "Name," the logical relation to "=,"
     and the value to "TCE."  SiteView will find all of
      the measurements of TCE within the group you have
        selected.  Now setting the query attribute to
     "value," the logical relation to ">," and the value
     to "100," and SiteView will find the subset of all
      TCE measurements for which the measured value is
     greater that 100.  In this way you can sequentially
       query the data in the VirtualSite to find only
          those objects that you want to analyze or
                         visualize.
                              
                     Selection History
                              
      The Selection History button under the Select...
       window displays an expanded window showing the
        complete history of selections in the current
     SiteView session.  The current selection is at the
       bottom of the list, and earlier selections are
        shown in sequential order moving upward.  The
      Selection History window allows you too retrieve
         earlier selections, and to perform Boolean
     operations on those selections (i.e., on groups of
     objects).  Boolean operations are powerful aides in
     manipulating sets of objects because they allow you
     to combine and compare groups of objects, and allow
       you to subselect only the set you want to deal
                            with.
                              
               Manipulating Groups of Objects
                              
      The Boolean operations that you can execute from
             the Selection History window are,
                              
         Unioncombining two groups into an aggregate
       which includes all of the objects in either or
                     both of the groups;
                              
        Intersectionfinding the set of objects which
        are common to two groups (i.e., the overlap);
                             and
                              
       Differencefinding the set of objects which are
              in one group but not in another.
                              
               Finding the Union of Two Groups
                              
     You can combine the contents of two groups into one
      group using the Union function from the Selection
      History window.  The following example shows the
               union of two groups of objects.
                              
          First Element:                Second Element:
          group (4)*                    *Sample (4)*
          *Boring B-1*                  *SampleSO-3*
          *Boring B-2*                  *SampleSO-4*
          *Boring B-3*                  *SampleSO-5*
          *SampleSO-3*                  *SampleSO-6*
                              
                          First Element:    
                          *Group (8)*       
                          *Boring B-1*      
                          *Boring B-2*      
                          *Boring B-3*      
                          *SampleSO-3*      
                          *SampleSO-4*      
                          *SampleSO-5*      
                          *SampleSO-6*      
                              
           Finding the Intersection of Two Groups
                              
       You can find the objects that are common to two
      groups and place them as a single object or group
     using the Intersection function from the Selection
      History window.  The following example shows the
           intersection of two groups of objects.
                              
          First Element:                  Second Element:
          *Group (4)*                     *Sample: Soil
                                          (4)*
          *Boring B-1*                    *SampleSO-3*
          *Boring B-2*                    *SampleSO-4*
          *Boring B-3*                    *SampleSO-5*
          *SampleSO-3*                    *SampleSO-6*
                              
                          First Element:    
                          *SampleSO-3*      
                              
          Finding the Difference between Two Groups
                              
       You can subtract the objects in the first group
        from those in the second using the Difference
        function from the Main keypad.  The following
     example shows the difference between two groups of
                          objects.
                              
          First Element:                Second Element:
          *Group (4)*                   *Sample: Soil
                                        (4)*
          *Boring B-1*                  *Sample SO-3*
          *Boring B-2*                  *Sample SO-4*
          *Boring B-3*                  *Sample SO-5*
          *Sample SO-3*                 *Sample SO-6*
                              
                          First Element:    
                          *Sample:          
                          Soil(3)*
                          *Sample SO-4*     
                          *Sample SO-5*     
                          *Sample SO-6*     
                              
             Separating the Contents of an Group
                              
     You can separate the objects that make up the group
      by selecting the group of objects, and then from
     the Edit menu choosing Select.  In the Choose From
        window elect From Selection, and click on the
     object class(es) in the left hand list.  The group
     of individual objects constituting the selection is
                show in the right hand list.
                              
             Manipulating the Selection History
                              
         The Selection History window allows you to
                              
           change the order of selection elements,
      move elements from to the beginning of the stack,
                duplicate stack elements, and
                              
       You can change the stack positions of elements
       easily.  To move an element to the first stack
       position, display the element in the Selection
        History scrolling list and click on it.  The
      selected element is moved to the first position;
     the first element is moved to the second position;
      the second element to the third position, and so
                             on.
                              
                        Find related
                              
     For any group of objects that you highlight in the
      scrolling lists of the Select... window, you can
         find all the related sources, samples, and
     measurements.  The group for which you find related
     objects can be all of the same object type, or can
                      be a mixed group.
                              
     You can find the objects related to a group in the
      Selection... window, by using the "Find Related"
         option in the Selection History... window.
        Highlight in the scrolling lists the group of
     objects for which you want to find related objects.
       In the Find Related pull-down window choose the
     class of related object you want to find.  Click on
        the Apply button to find the related objects.
                              
     For example, in the last section you found all the
     TCE measurements with values greater than 100.  To
       find the borings those measurements came from,
       leave those TCE measurements highlighted in the
      scrolling lists, and choose "borings" in the Find
       Related window.  Click on Apply and the related
      borings are selected.  To find, in turn, all the
     samples related to these boringswhether of TCE or
     notchoose "samples" in the Find Related window and
                       click on Apply.
                              
                   Store/recall selection
                              
      When you use a group, object, or value often, you
     can store it in a register to use again.  Registers
     are stored stack elements.  Using the Store/Recall
      Selection. window, you can perform the following
                         operations:
                              
       store objects or groups in registers you define
                         on-the-fly,
         recall objects or groups from registers, and
              delete a specific stored register.
                              
      To open the Store/Recall Selection window, choose
      the Store/Recall...  command from the Edit menu.
                              
       To store stack elements in a register, type the
      name with which you would like to store the first
      stack element in the Name text line and click the
      Store button.  To recall stored registers, choose
      the register name to recall by clicking it in the
      scrolling list or typing it in the Name text line
                and click the Recall button.
                              
     To delete a specific register, choose the register
     name by clicking it in the scrolling list or typing
        it in the Name text line and click the Delete
                           button.
                              
                              
                              
                          Chapter 6
               Potatoes in space (iso-shells)
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
  SiteView allows you to create and visualize iso-shells of
    three-dimensional continuous and discrete fields.  At
    ConSolve, we jokingly call these things, "Potatoes in
   space," because that's what they look like.  Some other
 people call them "Onions" or "Blobs."  More prosaic people
   call them "iso-shells" or "iso-surfaces."  You can call
              them whatever makes you happiest.
                              
   A 3D field is a spatial distribution of an attribute or
  attributes which has a value at every xyz point with some
        spatial domain of interest.  For example, the
 concentration of TCE within the 3D subsurface underlying a
  site is a fields.  So is the NOx concentration in the air
      above the site.  Every point in the domain has a
  concentration value associated with it, although many of
  these may be zero.  An iso-shell of this TCE field is the
    locus of xyz points at which the concentration of TCE
       equals some fixed value, for example, 100 ppb.
                              
     An iso-shell is the 3D analog of an iso-line (i.e.,
   contour) on an xy-attribute surface in two-dimensions.
  Just as contour lines can be set at any value, iso-shells
   can be set at any value.  SiteView calls this value an
 "iso-value."  Just as contours form a nested set of closed
  loops on a 2D map, iso-shells form a nested set of closed
 boundaries in a 3D visualization.  These nested boundaries
          appear much like the layers of an onion.
                              
   Using SiteView, you can start from a set of arbitrarily
    located measurements points, interpolate a 3D grid of
  points within an attribute field, and then generate iso-
    shells of that field at any iso-value.  You can slice
  these iso-shells along planes parallel to your axes, and
             visualize the results in many ways.
                              
        This Chapter discusses the following topics:
                              
        SiteView's algorithms for creating iso-shells
                How you can create iso-shells
               Iso-shell selection properties.
                              
                     Iso-shell Modeling
                              
   SiteView creates an iso-shell by starting with a set of
 attribute measurements located in three-dimensional space.
   These measurements need not be regularly positioned in
 xyz.  Form this set of measurements, SiteView creates a 3D
   grid and interpolates values of the attribute at all of
   the grid points, using a set of measurements.  Once the
     gridded values are obtained, SiteView interpolates
  linearly within each grid cell to fit small planar facets
    of constant attribute value those data.  These small
   planar facets are connected to build an iso-shell.  You
 can choose the way these shells are visualized by changing
   their iso-values, there colors, the way light shines on
 and is reflected from them, where they are sliced, whether
    they are made to look solid, and in many other ways.
                              
                      Data Requirements
                              
    To create an iso-shell, SiteView requires a group of
  attribute measurements located in xyz space.  As with any
     interpolation scheme, there is no minimum number of
 required measurements, but the more measurements you have,
   the more accurately the interpolation will reflect site
       conditions.  Typical attributes you may want to
                 interpolate could include,
                              
       Total volatile organics in soil and groundwater,
           Mercury concentration in lake waters, or
                NOx concentration in the air.
                              
                          Gridding
                              
  When you import objects and attribute data into SiteView,
    they are usually positioned irregularly in space.  To
   regularize the data, SiteView creates a spatial grid of
  attribute values from the irregular points.  A grid is a
 3D regularly spaced lattice of points.  SiteView creates a
  uniform grid parallel to the axes of the site.  This grid
    has the same spacing between points in each principal
                         direction.
                              
                        Grid spacing
                              
 The default grid generated automatically when you create a
    new iso-shell has ten (10) grid points in the largest
   dimension, or 1000 or fewer in total.  Depending on the
  complexity of your data, more grid points may be required
  to provide a realistic representation of your data.  You
    can change the number of grid points by adjusting the
     MaxGridDimension option in the Selection Properties
                           window.
                              
                        Grid location
                              
  It is sometimes convenient to move the principal axes of
 the grid used to interpolate data to a different region of
  the site.  You can change the location of the window that
  the grid uses to interpolate within to create iso-shells
  by using the move tool on the view tool pallet.  To move
   the grid, first orient the viewpoint from which you are
  looking at the iso-shell to be perpendicular to the plane
  in which you want the movement to occur.  Select the iso-
   shell, and click on the Move pallet tool.  You can move
     the iso-shell grid by dragging the mouse.  When you
 release the mouse, the grid will be relocated, and the iso-
                shell will be reinterpolated.
                              
                        Interpolation
                              
  SiteView interpolates attribute data for iso-shells using
 a gravity weighted sum approach.  For the sparse data sets
    typical of most environmental visualization problems,
      gravity weighting is generally thought to provide
   interpolations reasonably similar to other weighted sum
  algorithms, including Kriging.  Gravity interpolation is
  reasonably fast and does not require user intervention in
           estimating complex model coefficients.
                              
                          Formulas
                              
  All weighted sum interpolation algorithms are based on an
                    equation of the form:
                              
                                n
           zo  =     wi zi     such that, 0  wi  1
                              i=1
                              
  in which zo is the interpolated value of the attribute at
  some grid point, wi is a set of weights corresponding to
  each of the i=1, ..., n measured attribute values, and zi
  is the set of measured values.  SiteView uses all of the
            measurement points for interpolation.
                              
  SiteView's gravity interpolation model assigns weights to
   the measured values in proportion to the inverse of the
 square of the distance between the measurement location in
  3D and the location of the grid point to be interpolated.
                          That is,
                              
                 wi  = constant/(distance)2
                              
     in which distance is the three-dimensional distance
 between the interpolated grid point zo and the measurement
  point zi, and the constant normalizes the sum of weights
                         to be 1.0.
                              
                         Anisotropy
                              
    When SiteView creates a new iso-shell it defaults to
    isotropic weights.  That is, the weight assigned to a
  measurement in interpolating a grid point depends on the
 distance from the measurement to the grid point but not on
               the direction of the distance.
                              
   You can add vertical anisotropy to the interpolation by
      adjusting the Anisotropy factor in the Selection
 Properties window.  Factors greater than zero increase the
  influence of measurements in the horizontal direction and
   decrease the influence of measurements in the vertical
  direction.  Factors less than zero increase the influence
 of measurements in the vertical direction and decrease the
   influence of measurements in the horizontal direction.
  Setting the anisotropy factor to the value k changes the
   directional influences by an amount proportional to 2k.
                              
                   Iso-shell construction
                              
     Once SiteView has created a 3D grid of interpolated
  attribute values, it sequentially looks at each grid cell
   and finds those whose vertex attribute values bound the
   current iso-value in the Selection Preferences window.
    These are the grid cells through which the iso-shell
                           passes.
                              
       In each of these grid cells, SiteView linearly
     interpolates between the grid points and calculates
 triangular surface patches of constant iso-value.  Several
  such triangular patches may be required in a single grid
   cell.  The group of all such surface patches throughout
 the gridded domain is connected together into a continuous
     surface to create the iso-shell.  You can see these
     surface patches by choosing Edges Visible with the
                Selection Properties window.
                              
  When you visualize a shell in a 3D view, you can make the
   shell appear either solid or hollow.  When you slice a
   solid shell, the plane of the slice shows a continuous
 interpolation of attribute value, as if you were slicing a
    solid object which was colored according to attribute
                           value.
                              
    When you slice a hollow shell, the shell appears as a
   manifold with an empty inside.  To see multiple hollow
  shells at different iso-values, create as many shells as
  you wish with the same attribute data set, and them give
   each iso-shell the same Selection Properties, but with
                    different iso-values.
                              
 Note:  The time it takes your computer to paint the screen
  depends on the number of polygons that it has to render.
    Adding multiple iso-shells multiplies this number of
 polygons and causes the computer to take longer to paint a
                            view.
                              
                     Creating iso-shells
                              
    An iso-shell is created in SiteView using a four step
                          process:
                              
 1.Import the objects and attribute data you want to use to
                    create an iso-shell.
                              
 2.Select those objects whose attributes you want to create
                        a shell form.
                              
  3.Tell SiteView to create an iso-shell from the selected
                     groups of objects.
                              
 4.Use the Selection Properties window to adjust the visual
           properties of the iso-shell as desired.
                              
                         Import data
                              
   SiteView can create iso-shells from any attribute data.
     These data are imported into SiteView using normal
     spreadsheet import.  They can be imported either as
 attributes associated with samples or other objects, or as
  plain value points.  A value point is a measurement that
             has only (x,y,z,value) information.
                              
                   Select group of objects
                              
 To create an iso-shell, first you must select the group of
 objects whose attributes you want to use to create the iso-
  shell.  You can select these objects by clicking on them
   with the mouse, or by using the Select command from the
 View menu.  At this stage you need only select the objects
   you are interested in; SiteView will later ask you what
                 attributes you want to use.
                              
                      Create iso-shell
                              
  Once you have the objects of interest selected, from the
 Edit menu choose Create and pull-right to see the sub-menu
 of derived objects that you can create.  Choose Iso-shell.
                              
    When you choose Iso-shell from the Create sub-menu, a
 dialog box appears which shows a scrolling list of all the
     attributes associated with the current selection of
  objects.  From this list, click on the attribute of which
     you want to create an iso-shell.  Then click on OK.
  SiteView creates an iso-shell of the attribute data using
  a set of default properties which you can later adjust to
                      suit your tastes.
                              
                      Adjust properties
                              
     When SiteView creates an iso-shell it uses a set of
  default parameters for grid size, color ramp, anisotropy,
 and other properties.  Usually, you will want to adjust at
 least some of these properties to obtain the visualization
  that you think best reflects true field conditions.  You
      should pay particular attention to grid size and
  anisotropy as these can have important influence on your
                        final result.
                              
 Note:  When adjusting Selection Properties, it is always a
   good idea to put your view in Quick mode.  Rendering a
   complex visualization with many features on a PC takes
     time.  Drawing a wire frame figure is much quicker.
  Therefore, make all the changes you want with the view in
 quick mode, and then when you want to see a fully rendered
               version, switch to normal mode.
                              
                    Iso-shell properties
                              
                         Shell model
                              
   This section discusses those Selection Properties which
   pertain to the way SiteView constructs its mathematical
      model of a 3D field for constructing iso-shells.
                              
                          Iso-Value
                              
   The iso-value is the value of the 3D attribute field at
  which you want to visualize the iso-shell.  The iso-value
  is analogous to contour value in an xy-attribute surface
                           model.
                              
                     Max grid dimension
                              
  The maximum grid dimension is the maximum number of grid
  intervals in any principal direction.  SiteView sets the
      number of grid intervals in the longest principal
  direction to equal this number and adjusts the number of
    grid intervals in the other two principal directions
    accordingly.  The amount of time it takes SiteView to
 numerically interpolate a grid is proportional to the cube
                   of the grid dimension.
                              
                      Anisotropy factor
                              
     In the natural world many processes are inherently
   anisotropic.  That is, their extent or behavior in one
 principal direction, say one axis in the horizontal plane,
    is different from their behavior in other directions.
    This difference is captured by anisotropy in the way
      SiteView interpolates attribute values on a grid.
   SiteView accommodates anisotropy between the horizontal
   plane and the vertical axis using an anisotropy factor.
 For no anisotropy (i.e., isotropic interpolation) SiteView
    sets this factor to zero (0).  Positive values of the
 anisotropy factor give increasing importance to horizontal
  neighbors; negative factors give increasing importance to
                     vertical neighbors.
                              
                      Solid value below
                              
    An iso-shell divides space into two (not necessarily
    continuous) regions:  that region in which attribute
  values are greater than the iso-value, and that region in
     which attribute values are less than the iso-value.
  Toggling-on Solid Value Below causes SiteView to display
 the region in which the attribute values are less than the
 iso-value.  Toggling-off Solid Value Below causes SiteView
   to display the region in which the attribute values are
                 greater than the iso-value.
                              
                       Min/Max Planes
                              
  The minimum and maximum planes in each of the x, y, and z
  directions set the bounds within which SiteView displays
   an iso-shell.  These can be thought of a cutting planes
                              
                        Min/Max Caps
                              
    You can make the shell appear either solid or hollow.
 When you slice a solid shell, the plane of the slice shows
  a continuous interpolation of attribute value, as if you
 were slicing a solid object which was colored according to
  attribute value.  Toggling-on the minimum or maximum cap
   causes the corresponding cutting plane to show a solid
   interpolation of attribute value as if the shell were a
 solid body.  Toggling-off causes the corresponding cutting
    plane to be transparent so the shell appears hollow.
                              
                        Visualization
                              
  This section discusses those Selection Properties of iso-
      shells which pertain to the way iso-shells can be
                         visualized
                              
                           Hidden
                              
  Toggling-on Hidden causes the iso-shell not to be seen in
    the view.  Toggling-off causes the iso-shell to show.
                              
                        Color-Shading
                              
  The various Color-Shading options allow you to change the
  way the iso-shell coloring is graded to reflect attribute
                           value.
                              
                          Color Map
                              
   The Color Map chooser allows you to select one of four
   color ramps:  Standard, gray, rainbow, and cyan/yellow.
   Standard is a continuous ramp (purple to yellow) which
     many people find a pleasing and visually compelling
 gradation for visualizing contaminant distributions.  Gray
   is a continuous gradation (white to black) through the
 gray tones.  Rainbow is a banded ramp of six colors (royal
  blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, red) which can be used
 to show step-wise gradations of attribute value.  Cyan-to-
                 Yellow is a two band ramp.
                              
                     Color interpolation
                              
 The Color Interpolation option allows you to smooth any of
 the color maps.  For example, choosing color interpolation
      with the Cyan-to-Yellow color map yields a smooth
        transition of colors between cyan and yellow.
                              
                     Color shading auto
                              
  Color Shading Auto automatically adjusts the minimum and
    maximum values of a color ramp to be the same as the
    minimum and maximum attribute values in the attribute
 field.  Toggling-off Color Shading Auto causes SiteView to
   look for the values in the Color Shading Min and Color
                    Shading Max options.
                              
                  Color shading min and max
                              
  Color Shading Min and Color Shading Max allow you to fix
 the minimum and maximum attribute values for the color map
  in the case where Color Shading Auto is turned off.  You
    can set the minimum and maximum to have any value you
  want.  This provides flexibility to choose exactly which
      parts of the chosen color ramp you want to use to
 visualize an iso-shell.  SiteView will uniformly grade the
    color ramp over the interval between the minimum and
                maximum color shading values.
                              
                    Color shading factor
                              
  The color shading factor provides a way of compressing or
            expanding intervals of the color map.
                              
                     Index Interpolation
                              
 Index Interpolation is a toggle which allows you to choose
     between color interpolations of an attribute field
     according to the color map as opposed to a constant
     coloring of the faces of the iso-shell.  When Index
 Interpolation is turned on, SiteView uses the color map to
   visualize a shell.  When Index Interpolation is turned
  off, SiteView colors the shell according to the selection
   under Face Color.  Turning Index Interpolation off, and
  setting the face color to white, allows you to experiment
             with light colors and reflectivity.
                              
                    Color legend visible
                              
   The Color Legend Visible option allows you to place an
    automatic color legend on any view.  The legend shows
    whatever color map is chosen, the range of attribute
  values, and smoothes the color map is Color Interpolation
 is turned on.  The legend can be moved or scaled using the
   pallet tools.  To bring the legend back to its original
    position and shape, used Reset Position from the Edit
                            menu.
                              
                   Faces, edges, and lines
                              
  This section discusses those Selection Properties of iso-
  shells which pertain to the ways faces, edges, and lines
                of shells can be visualized.
                              
                            Color
                              
  The color option provides a color chooser from which you
 can set the color of the faces, edges, and lines of an iso-
  shell.  The color choose provides 30 assorted colors.  At
    the bottom you can choose a custom pallet of colors.
  Custom colors can also be added to the standard list from
                         the pallet.
                              
                           Visible
                              
    The Visible toggle allows you to hide or show faces,
                      edges, and lines.
                              
                            Width
                              
  The Width toggle allows you to change the width of faces,
     edges, and lines.  The default is one (1).  Higher
            integers increase edge or line width.
                              
                    Perimeter edges only
                              
   Each surface patch in an iso-shell has an edge and face
  color.  Toggling-on Perimeter Edges Only causes the edges
 of all the faces except those on the perimeter of the iso-
   shell to be hidden.  Toggling-off Perimeter Edges Only
      causes the faces of all the edges to be visible.
                              
                              
                              
                          Chapter 7
                          Surfaces
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
     Surfaces provide an easy means of visualizing large
         quantities of data; they show the values of
     attributes as they change based on their location.
     SiteView allows you to create surfaces in 3D views.
       Surfaces show the values of attributes as they
       change with x,y location.  They provide an easy
      means of visualizing large quantities of data and
      of estimating values at points where no value is
     known.  This chapter describes the methods by which
                 SiteView creates surfaces.
                              
                      Surface Modeling
                              
          The following sections describe how (x,y,
     attribute)-surfaces are generated.  Three steps are
                necessary to create surfaces:
       1.You specify a group of data points or samples
      (by selecting it) and a dependent variable (in a
                        dialog box).
        2.SiteView triangulates the corresponding x,y
                       location data.
         3.SiteView creates a continuous surface by
               piecing together the triangles.
       4.To smooth the surface, SiteView interpolates
        values of the surface on a regular grid, and
           then contours the interpolated values.
                              
                      Data Requirements
                              
       To create a plan surface, SiteView requires an
        group of objects that have both location and
        attribute data.  Location data are x- and y-
     coordinates that indicate the objectsO placement in
                        the xy plane.
                              
      Attribute data are the dependent variable values,
     the data that youOd like to visualize.  These data
       correspond to object attribute values that are
      numeric, or NS (not specified).  Some examples of
     attributes that contain attribute data include:  z
        (the elevation or depth of an object), total
         volatile organics, and the concentration of
                          cadmium.
                              
                        Triangulation
                              
     After SiteView verifies that its data requirements
        are met, it creates a triangulated irregular
        network (TIN) of the location data using the
      Delaunay triangulation method.  That is, SiteView
     creates nearly-equilateral triangles whose vertices
           are the location points, such that the
     circumscribing circle of each triangle contains no
       other points.  Triangles form the basis for the
     interpolation of attribute data unless the surface
                        is smoothed.
                              
                        Interpolation
                              
      To create a smooth surface, SiteView interpolates
        attribute data among the points at which the
      attributes are known.  It does this using Natural
     Neighbor interpolation.  Surfaces are created using
     Natural Neighbor interpolation on the grid spacing
       that the user specifies, and then contour lines
           linearly interpolated on the surfaces.
                              
                 Surface display properties
                              
       You can select surfaces by clicking on them or
      using the Select  dialog box.  When a surface is
      selected, SiteView displays a polygon surrounding
      the surface (i.e., the convex hull of the surface
                      defining points).
                              
      After surfaces are created and selected, you can
       change their appearance.  SiteView supports the
            following surface display properties:
         contours are lines along which the dependent
              values of the surface are equal.
       color-shading helps you visualize the dependent
       values of a surface by mapping ranges of values
       to colors and coloring the surface accordingly.
                              
     The following sections describe the options you can
      set in the Selection Properties. dialog box when
     displaying surfaces.  You can choose more than one
                    style for a surface.
                              
                           Hidden
                              
      Hidden is an on/off setting which shows or hides
                the surface in its entirety.
                              
                          Contours
                              
     You can arbitrarily set a number of visualizations
       for contours.  These are each separate options
        within the Selection Properties. dialog box.
                              
                      Contours visible
                              
      On/off toggle to make the contours visible in the
                            view.
                              
                        Contour color
                              
       Provides a color chooser from which to select a
                   color for the contours.
                              
                   Contour linear spacing
                              
     Toggles between linear and logarithmic spacing for
     the contours.  Linear calculates contour lines for
       the base value and any value differing from the
       base value by a multiple of the interval.  For
     example, if you specify 0 for the Base Value and 5
     for the Interval, the first value in the series is
     0; the adjacent contours are 5 and -5.  Subsequent
       contours are 10 and -10, 15 and -15, and so on.
                              
      Logarithmic calculates contour lines for the base
       value and any value that equals the base value
     multiplied by an integer power of the factor.  For
     example, if you specify 1 for the Base Value and 2
      for the Factor, the base contour in the series is
     1; the adjacent contours are 2 (21) and 0.5 (2-1).
      Subsequent contours are 4 (22) and 0.25 (2-2), 8
              (23) and 0.125 (2-3), and so on.
                              
                        Contour base
                              
      Sets the base attribute value from which contour
                  spacings are calculated.
                              
                      Contour interval
                              
     Sets the numerical interval between contour values.
                              
                     Contour below base
                              
       Yes/no toggle to hide or display contour lines
           whose values are below the base value.
                              
                           Smooth
                              
       Yes/no toggle allowing you to choose smooth or
       angular contours.  If you choose Yes for smooth
        contours, SiteView connects the points on the
      interpolated grid to construct contours.  If you
     choose No, SiteView uses the Delaunay triangulation
                   to construct contours.
                              
                      Contour emphasis
                              
       Yes/no toggle allowing you to emphasize certain
      contours.  Choose Yes, indicate how frequently to
            color, and choose the emphasis color.
                              
                   Contour emphasis every
                              
         Lets you set the frequency of highlighting
     contours.  To emphasize every fifth contour, enter
             5 in the field and press on return.
                              
                   Contour emphasis color
                              
     Provides a color pallet for selecting the color of
                   the emphasized contour.
                              
                   Contour emphasis width
                              
        Lets you set the line width of the emphasized
       contours.  A line width of one (1) is default.
                              
                            Text
                              
       The text options refer to contour labels, their
           color, frequency, position, and so on.
                              
                        Text visible
                              
     Allows you to choose to label values for all, none,
             or only color-emphasized contours.
                              
                         Text color
                              
      Provides a color pallet for changing the color of
                     the contour labels.
                              
                   Contour label placement
                              
      Choose where the labels are placed (right, lower-
      right, bottom, lower-left, left) for each labeled
        contour.  Click pull-down list to choose the
                          location.
                              
                   Contour label frequency
                              
        Allows you to set the spacing of the contour
                           labels.
                              
                            Cells
                              
       Every surface is made up of both of triangular
           cells which are defined by the Delaunay
     triangulation of the data points and of grid cells
       that are generated by SiteView when smoothing a
     surface.  Normally, these cells are not visible in
        the 3D views, but are part of the underlying
      mathematics of the surface model.  Using the Cell
        properties you can make the cells visible and
                  change the way they look.
                              
                        Cells visible
                              
        This is a yes/no toggle which makes the cell
              boundaries visible or invisible.
                              
                         Face color
                              
      Provides a color chooser with which to select the
                      color cell faces.
                              
                         Cell color
                              
       Provides a color pallet with which to color the
                         cell lines.
                              
                  Cell index interpolation
                              
     Yes/no toggle that turns of and off the attribute-
           driven color shading of the cell lines.
                              
                       Cell quads only
                              
        Yes/no toggle that shows only the square cell
       elements making up the surface (i.e., hides the
     diagonal segments).  Quad-cells-only often provides
     a more visually appealing surface net than the full
     triangles do.  This property is only applicable to
                      smooth surfaces.
                              
                        Color-Shading
                              
       The color shading options allow you to color a
      surface with a gradient or color ramp, where the
      color of the surface at any point corresponds to
       the interpolated attribute value at that point.
       For presentation purposes, you may also place a
     color legend on any view, which shows the scale of
                  the attribute vs. color.
                              
                          Color map
                              
     Note that you can choose among four color ramps for
      color shaded surfaces.  These are found under the
        OColor MapO property.  The four choices are:
                              
        StandardSmooth ramp, dark blue through red to
                           yellow.
          GraySmooth ramp, dark through light gray,
           RainbowBanded ramp from ... through ...
           Cyan to YellowStepped ramp, cyan-yellow
                              
                     Color interpolation
                              
     Turning color interpolation on sometimes creates a
     much smoother gradation of colors on a surface, but
             also increases the rendering time.
                              
                   Color shading automatic
                              
     This is a yes/no toggle which sets the scale of the
     attribute surface to run from the minimum attribute
       value in the data set to the maximum attribute
      value in the data set.  If you turn Color Shading
     Automatic off, then the surface scale is set to run
     between the Color Shading Minimum and Color Shading
                      Maximum (below).
                              
                Color shading minimum/maximum
                              
        These two properties allow you to specify the
      minimum and maximum values for the color shading.
     For example, using the standard color ramp, minimum
     values are drawn in deep purple, maximum in yellow.
        Dramatic effects can sometimes be obtained by
            altering minimum and maximum values.
                              
                    Color shading factor
                              
        The color shading factor is a number between
      centered on zero that allows you to exaggerate or
      compress the color ramp.  At zero, the color ramp
      is the default gradient of colors.  As the color
      shading factor becomes larger, the color ramp is
     shifted toward higher colors; as the color shading
      factor becomes smaller, the color ramp is shifted
                   toward lighter colors.
                              
              Color shading index interpolation
                              
        Yes/no toggle that turns on and off the color
         shading ramp on the surface.  Turning index
      interpolation off makes the surface all the same
                         face color.
                              
                           Legend
                              
       Check the Show Color Legend box if you want the
      view to include a legend for the surface's color
       ramp.  As you make changes in the surface color
      ramp, the legend automatically updates to reflect
                            them.
                              
                      Z from attribute
                              
     An x,y-attribute surface forms a mathematical model
      for the attribute value over space and colors the
     surface corresponding to the attribute value.  The
        spatial location or elevation of the surface,
      however, corresponds to the elevation values (z-
    values) of the objects used to form the surface.  Z-
       from-attribute causes the surface elevation to
      follow the attribute value, normalized to appear
           within the bounding box of the surface.
                              
                              
                              
                          Chapter 8
                        Stratigraphy
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
        This chapter describes how to import geologic
     information and build stratigraphic representations
                         in SiteView
                              
                   Stratigraphic Modeling
                              
           SiteView displays site stratigraphy as
      stratigraphic panels in both 3D and Profile views
     using data from the boringsO stratigraphic samples.
       Stratigraphy can also be depicted using colored
           solid models (iso-shells) in 3D views.
                              
       In 3D views, stratigraphic panels have a three-
      dimensional, oblique projections, and thus behave
      as fence diagrams.  Iso-shell solid modeling can
      also be used in 3D views to give a more visually
     compelling, if slightly less accurate, depiction of
                        stratigraphy.
                              
             Importing and viewing stratigraphic
                         information
                              
      SiteView represents stratigraphic information in
        borings, monitoring wells, or other downhole
         observations as a set of from-to samples of
      material type.  To import stratigraphic samples,
     you should first enter the source, from-value, to-
      value, and material type in rows or columns of a
     spreadsheet.  You may also name each stratigraphic
     sample if you wish.  Save the information as a .tsv
     file, and open the file in SiteView by choosing the
      Import Spreadsheet.  command from the File menu.
                              
     The stratigraphy samples are represented by from-to
        boxes along the borings from which they come.
       These representations have edges, the color and
       thickness of which can be varied, and faces the
      background color of which can be varied.  On the
      faces you can show stipple patterns keyed to the
        material type represented by the stratigraphy
                           sample.
                              
                   Stratigraphic Modeling
                              
       SiteView uses linear stratigraphic modeling to
     construct stratigraphic panels.  SiteView builds a
        stratigraphic model by matching stratigraphic
      samples that are of the same material and either
       are in borings that are adjacent in the section
      line, or are in non-adjacent borings but that are
     deeper than the bottoms of all intervening borings.
                              
        SiteView uses the following conventions when
        interpolating stratigraphy in fence diagrams:
                              
        For the stratigraphic modeling of two borings
      with the same sequence of materials, the top and
       bottom of each material are joined by straight
                           lines.
        For the stratigraphic modeling of two borings
        when one boring contains a material that does
       not exist in the other boring, the material is
          pinched out half way between the borings.
       For the stratigraphic modeling of three or more
       borings when the two extreme borings are deeper
        than an interlying boring and have strata at
           deeper levels, these deeper strata are
        interpolated beneath the intervening borings.
       When two borings have materials that are not in
         the same sequence, SiteView interprets the
       materials as lenses, and pinches these out half
                way between the two borings.
         SiteView fills in concave regions beneath a
         shallow boring if the adjacent deep borings
                     suggest this case.
         SiteView ends a stratum part way between two
      borings when there is no data to suggest how the
                    stratum is resolved.
                              
                 Fence diagrams in 3D views
                              
        In 3D views you can create a fence diagram by
                              
        selecting the borings through which the fence
                    diagram will run, and
       choosing Create Section Line from the Create...
                  window of the Edit menu.
                              
     This will create a fence diagram which interpolates
         the stratigraphy among the borings you have
      selected.  In the plan map a new section line is
     created, whose properties can be modified by using
             the Selection Properties. window.
                              
                    Selection properties
                              
      Stratigraphy samples and thus the fence diagrams
       they are part of have the following adjustable
      properties in the Selection Properties. window.
                              
                           Hidden
                              
     Yes/no toggle that hides or shows the stratigraphy
                           sample.
                              
                         Pixel width
                              
      Allows you to set the width of the stratigraphic
                    sample bounding boxes
                              
                            Edges
                              
                        Edges visible
                              
     Yes/no toggle that shows or hides the edges of the
            stratigraphic sample bounding boxes.
                              
                         Edge color
                              
     Provides a color chooser for the edge bounding box
                       of the sample.
                              
                         Edge width
                              
        Allows you to set the width of the edge line.
                              
                            Faces
                              
                        Faces visible
                              
     Yes/no toggle that shows or hides the flat faces of
          the stratigraphic sample bounding boxes.
                              
                         Face color
                              
      Provides a color chooser for the background color
           of the face of the stratigraphy sample
                              
                        Face pattern
                              
     Allows you to show or hide the stipple pattern for
                  the stratigraphic sample.
                              
                         Transparent
                              
      If face pattern is ON, then transparent makes the
      background invisible; if face pattern is not ON,
               then transparent has no affect.
                              
                        Pattern color
                              
       Provides a color chooser for the stratigraphic
                      stipple pattern.
                              
                              
                              
                          Chapter 9
                          Printing
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
        You can print any SiteView view to a color or
      monochrome printer that is supported by Windows,
         and you can save a view to file to be later
       incorporated in a report, slide presentation or
                   some other application.
                              
                This chapter describes how to
                              
                    print to a printer and
                        same to file.
                              
               Printing to a Windows supported
                           printer
                              
      When you print a SiteView view, the printed image
      is identical to the one displayed on your screen.
                To print a view to a printer:
                              
       1.Choose Page Setup... from the File menu.  The
         Page Setup dialog box appears.  Choose the
                      margins you want.
      2. Choose Print... from the File menu.  The Print
                     dialog box appears.
       3.Adjust the options in the Print dialog box as
                   desired, and click OK.
                              
                      Printing to file
                              
       SiteView produces graphics files in a number of
        common formats when you use the Print to File
     command.  You can use the file with text processing
           or drawing applications that can import
       encapsulated PostScript files, to save specific
           figures that might appear in reports or
     presentations, or to create a file to be passed to
                  other computers or users.
                              
     To create a graphics file of a view, under the File
     menu choose Print to File... , and specify the file
       path and graphics format you want in the dialog
         box.  The Print to file option supports the
                 following graphics formats:
                              
                         Postscript,
                   Encapsulated Postscript,
                             CGM,
                          HPGL, and
                            PICT.
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
                         Chapter 10
               SiteView Classes and Attributes
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
         SiteView provides an object dictionary that
      contains the definitions of the classes discussed
          in this chapter.  This Chapter describes
                              
             SiteView classes and attributes, and
             descriptions of SiteView data types.
                              
       SiteView supports the following default object
     classes--in addition to the iso-shell, surface, and
         section line derived classes--for handling
                     environmental data.
                              
                         Annotation
                              
      Annotations are created using the Annotation tool
       The following table lists the Annotation classO
                         attributes.
                              
          Attribute      Type/Description
          Name           String.
                              
                           Boring
                              
         Boring is based on the Proto Boring class.
      SiteView allows you to create Fence Diagrams from
      Boring class objects.  The following table lists
                the Boring classO attributes.
                              
          Attribute      Type/Description
          Name           String.
          X              Distance.
          Y              Distance.
          Z              Distance.
                              
                          DXF layer
                              
     Layers are created when importing or exporting DXF
     files.  The following table lists the Layer classO
                         attributes.
                              
         Attribute      Type/Description
         Name           String.  Each object can have a
                        name.
         Source File    String.   The DXF file from which
                        the layer comes.
         Name in File   String.  The name of the layer in
                        the DXF file.
                              
                       Monitoring Well
                              
        Monitoring Well is based on the Boring class.
      SiteView allows you to create Fence Diagrams from
     Monitoring Well class objects.  The following table
        lists the Monitoring Well classO attributes.
                              
          Attribute      Type/Description
          Name           String.
          X              Distance.
          Y              Distance.
          Z              Distance.
                              
                           Sample
                              
         The following table lists the Sample classO
                         attributes.
                              
          Attribute      Type/Description
          Name           String.  Each object can have a
                         name.
          Source         Reference to source object.
          X              Distance.
          Y              Distance.
          Z              Distance.
                              
                         Measurement
                              
      The following table lists the Measurement classO
      attributes.  Parametric attributes are noted with
      ; they are attributes whose values are derived by
           SiteView rather than specified by you.
                              
          Attribute      Type/Description
          Name           String.  Each object can have a
                         name.
          Source         Reference to source object.
          Attribute      String.
          Value          Float in point number.
                              
                     Stratigraphy Sample
                              
      The following table lists the Stratigraphy Sample
     class attributes.  Parametric attributes are noted
        with  ; they are attributes whose values are
      derived by SiteView rather than specified by you.
                              
          Attribute      Type/Description
          Name           String.  Each object can have a
                         name.
          Source         Reference to source object.
          From           Distance.
          To             Distance.
           X             Distance.  The stratigraphic
                         sampleOs x-coordinate is taken
                         from its source.
           Y             Distance.  The stratigraphic
                         samples y-coordinate is taken from
                         its source.
           Z-From        Distance.  Z-From is calculated by
                         subtracting the stratigraphic
                         sampleOs From value from its
                         sourceOs z-coordinate.
           Z-To          Distance.  Z-To is calculated by
                         subtracting the stratigraphic
                         sampleOs To value from its
                         sourceOs
                         z-coordinate.
          Attribute/Mat  Type/Description
          erial
                              
         The stratigraphic materials list, for which
       SiteView associates distinct stipple patterns,
                          includes:
                              
          Soil Categories               Rock/Engineering Geology         
                                                 Types
          SC  Clayey sand               Andesite      Hornfels
          SM  Silty sand                Anthracite    Lignite
          SP  Poorly graded sand        Basalt        Limestone
          SW  Well graded sand          Breccia       Marble
          GC  Clayey gravel             Chalk         Peat
          GM  Silty gravel              Clay          Porphyrite
          GP  Poorly graded gravel      Coal          Quartzite
          GW  Well graded gravel        Conglomerate  Rhyolite
          MH  Inorganic silt of high    Crystalline   Rock
          plasticity                    Rock          Sand
          ML  Inorganic silt of low     Diorite       Sandstone
          plasticity                    Dirty Sand    Schist
          CH  Inorganic clay of high    Dolomite      Serpentine
          plasticity                    Evaporite     Shale
          CL  Inorganic clay of low     Felsite       Silt
          plasticity                    Gabbro        Siltstone
          OH  Organic clay of high      Gneiss        Slate
          plasticity                    Granite       Talc
          OL  Organic clay of low       Gravel        Till
          plasticity                    Greenstone    
          PT  Peat, muck                
          
                              
                         Value Point
                              
         Value Point is an independent Sample.  The
        following table lists the classO attributes.
                              
          Attribute      Type/Description
          Name           String.  Each object can have a
                         name.
          X              Distance.
          Y              Distance.
          Z              Distance.
          Sampled Value  Attribute Value
                              
                         Water Level
                              
      The following table lists the Water Level classO
                         attributes.
                              
          Attribute      Type/Description
          Name           String.  Each object can have a
                         name.
          Source         Reference to source object.
          X              Distance.
          Y              Distance.
          Z              Distance.
Index




                                Contour label frequency  50
3                               Contour label placement  49
3D data fields  22             Contour linear spacing  48
3D field  36, 41               Contours  48
3D view  3, 13, 46, 50, 53,    Contours visible  48
 54                             Coordinate Systems  19
3D Views  10                   Creating object  iii, 21,
                                 22, 40
A                               
algorithms  14, 36, 38         D
analyte  3, 8, 26              Data Requirements  37, 46
Anisotropy  39, 42             Data Types  17
Annotation  59                 default classes  16
Attribute  iii, 16, 17, 59     Deleting  23
AutoCAD  2                    derived classes  16, 17,
                                 27, 59
B                               Difference  32, 33
Blobs  36                      DXF  2, 8, 16, 21, 28, 60
Boolean  32                    
Boring  59                     E
Bounding box  11               Edge color  55
                                Edge width  55
C                               Edges visible  55
CAD  8, 21                     Encapsulated Postscript  58
Cell color  50                 
Cell index interpolation       F
 50                             Face color  50, 55
Cell quads only  50            Face pattern  55
Cells  50                      Faces visible  55
Cells visible  50              Fence diagram  14, 54
CGM  58                        Filter  31
Classes  iii                   Find related  34
Clip  11                       Flat  14
Color  13, 43, 44, 50, 51,     
 52                             G
Color interpolation  43, 51    Gouraud  14
Color legend visible  44       Graphic objects  28
Color Map  43, 51              graphics file  57
Color shading auto  43         gravity interpolation  38
Color shading factor  44,      Grid spacing  37
 51                             Gridding  37
Color shading min and max      
 43                             H
Color-Shading  43, 50          hardware  4, 10, 15
Contour base  48               Hidden  43, 47, 55
Contour below base  48         Horizontal scale tool  24
Contour color  48              HPGL  58
Contour emphasis  49           
Contour emphasis color  49     I
Contour emphasis every  49     Import  26, 27, 28, 40, 53
Contour emphasis width  49     Importing  iii, 18, 21, 24,
Contour interval  48
2                                Perimeter edges only  45
install  4, 5                  Phong  14
Installation  5                PICT  58
interpolating stratigraphy     Pixel width  55
 54                             Plan view  14
Interpolation  38, 43, 44,     Planimetric  10, 14
 47                             plumes  3
Intersection  32, 33           Point tool  22
iso-shell  iii, 9, 13, 14,     Polygon tool  22
 15, 16, 22, 23, 27, 36,        Postscript  58
 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 53         Potatoes in space  iii, 36
iso-surfaces  36               Preparing Data  26
Iso-Value  41                  Print to File  57
                                Printing  iii, 57
K                               properties  10, 14, 36, 40,
keyboard  6                     41, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55
                                
L                               R
lattice  37                    Rock/Engineering Geology
Light color  13                 Types  62
Light direction  13            Rotate  11
Lighting  13, 14               Rotation tool  24
logarithmic  48                
                                S
M                               sample  2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 16,
Max grid dimension  41          18, 19, 23, 25, 26, 34,
measurement  8, 18, 19, 26,     35, 40, 46, 53, 54, 55, 61
 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 60         scaling  12, 15
Microsoft Word  5              Select_ window  30
Min/Max Caps  42               Select by class  30
Min/Max Planes  42             Select by value  31
Monitoring Well  60            Select objects  30
mouse  6                       Selecting  iii, 29, 30
Move tool  22, 23              Selection History  iii, 30,
Moving in and out  11           32, 33, 34
Moving Objects  23             site assessments  2
Mudville  4, 7, 8, 9, 10       Smooth  49
                                Soil Categories  62
O                               Solid value below  42
Object  iii, 2, 16, 18, 21,    Source  18
 22, 23, 29, 32                 spreadsheet  2, 21, 24, 25,
object-oriented  1              26, 27, 40, 53
Onions  36                     Store/recall selection  35
operating system  4, 15        Stratigraphic Modeling  53
overlay  28                    Stratigraphy  iii, 23, 53,
                                 55, 61
P                               Surfaces  iii, 23, 46, 47
Page Setup  57                 
Palette  21                    T
pan  12                        Text  49
Pattern color  56              Text color  49
                                Transparent  56
Triangulation  47

U
Union  32

V
Value Point  62
Vertical scale tool  24
Viewpoint  10, 11, 14
VirtualSite  1, 2, 9, 21,
 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 31
visualization  1, 4, 8, 9,
 16, 36, 38, 41

W
Water level  19, 62
weighted sum  38
workspace  8, 9, 10, 11

Z
Z from attribute  52
Zoom  12
               
                
